True guilt cultures rely on an internalized conviction of sin as the enforcer of good behavior, not, as shame cultures do, on external sanctions.
2.
Anglo-Saxon England is particularly notable as a shame culture, and this trait survived even after its conversion to Christianity, which is typically a guilt culture.
3.
Guilt cultures emphasize punishment and forgiveness as ways of restoring the moral order; shame cultures stress self-denial and humility as ways of restoring the social order . ( Hiebert 1985, 213)
4.
G�rard claims that these plot differences show a historical shift from the Greek " shame culture " priority of preserving one's reputation, to the Roman " guilt culture " priority of repentance.
5.
Her book began a discussion among Japanese scholars about " shame culture " vs . " guilt culture " which spread beyond academia, and the two terms are now established as ordinary expressions in that country.